On May 1, 1886 (later known as May Day), labor unions organized a strike for an eight-hour work day in Chicago. By 21st century Western standards, working conditions in the city were miserable, with most workers working ten to twelve hour days, often six days a week under sometimes dangerous conditions. On May 3 striking workers met near the McCormick Harvesting Machine Co. plant. A fight broke out on the picket lines, and Chicago police intervened and attacked the strikers, killing two, wounding several others and sparking outrage in the city's working community.
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Local anarchists distributed fliers calling for a rally [on May 4] at Haymarket Square
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These fliers alleged police had murdered the strikers on behalf of business interests and urged workers to seek justice.
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The rally began peacefully under a light rain on the evening of May 4. Anarchist leader August Spies spoke to the large crowd while standing in an open wagon on a side street. According to many witnesses Spies said he was not there to incite anyone.
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The crowd was so calm that Mayor Carter Harrison, Sr. who had stopped by to watch, walked home early. Some time later the police ordered the rally to disperse and began marching in formation towards the speakers' wagon. A lit, fused bomb whistled over the heads of onlookers, landed near the police line and exploded, killing a policeman (see [Mathias J. Degan]); 7 other policemen later died from their injuries. The police immediately opened fire on the crowd, injuring dozens. Many of the wounded were afraid to visit hospitals for fear of being arrested. A total of eleven people died.
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Eight people connected directly or indirectly with the rally and its anarchist organisers were charged with Degan's murder [policeman]
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The jury returned guilty verdicts for all eight defendants, with death sentences for seven.
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The trial is often referred to by scholars as one of the most serious miscarriages of justice in United States history.
From: Haymarket Riot
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